Class 8 Social Science Notes
Geography
- Types of resources
- Importance and conservation of resources
Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation, and Wildlife Resources
- Distribution and conservation of land and soil
- Sustainable use of water resources
- Conservation of natural vegetation and wildlife
- Types of farming
- Major crops and agricultural practices
- Classification and location of industries
- Major industrial regions
- Importance of human resources
- Population distribution and composition
Civics
Unit One: The Indian Constitution and Secularism
- Purpose and key features of the Indian Constitution
- Fundamental Rights and Duties
- Importance of secularism in India
- Indian vs. global secularism
Unit Two: Parliament and the Making of Laws
- Role and structure of the Indian Parliament
- Law-making process and public participation
Unit Three: The Judiciary
- Role and independence of the judiciary
- Structure of courts in India
Unit Four: Social Justice and the Marginalised
- Marginalised communities and their challenges
- Importance of social justice
- Government policies and laws for marginalized groups
- Case studies on social upliftment
Unit Five: Economic Presence of the Government
- Role of the government in providing public services
- Challenges in accessing public facilities
- Laws to ensure social and economic justice
- Examples of government intervention
History
Introduction: How, When, and Where
- Understanding the significance of history
- Concepts of dates, events, and historical sources
From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power
- Rise of the East India Company
- Expansion of British control in India
- British policies and land revenue systems
- Impact on farmers and peasants
Tribals, Dikus, and the Vision of a Golden Age
- Life and struggles of tribal communities
- Tribal revolts and resistance
When People Revolt: 1857 and After
- Causes and key events of the 1857 Revolt
- Leaders and consequences of the uprising
Civilising the “Native,” Educating the Nation
- British educational policies in India
- Indian response and reformers
- Social conditions of women and lower castes
- Key reform movements for social equality
The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947
- Emergence of nationalism in India
- Role of the Indian National Congress and major independence movements
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